Pituitary volumes in patients with adjustment disorder.

The pituitary gland plays an important role in the stress response mechanism. Given the direct link between adjustment disorder and stress, we hypothesized that there might be changes in the pituitary gland in these patients. The study comprised a patient group of 19 individuals with adjustment disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition, and 18 healthy controls. The mean pituitary gland volumes of the patient group were not statistically significantly different from those of the healthy control group (80.81 ± 1.82 mm3 in patients with adjustment disorder vs. 81.10 ± 7.04 mm3 in healthy controls, with a statistically nonsignificant difference of P > 0.05). This finding is contrary to our previous findings in anxiety-related disorders. In this regard, adjustment disorder is not similar to anxiety-related disorders in terms of pituitary gland volumes. We should also clearly state that our study is a pioneering study and that studies with large samples are needed to support our findings. The limitations of our study can be attributed to the small sample size, the utilization of a cross-sectional design, and the inclusion of patients using psychotropic drugs.

The relationship between oxidative stress markers and 1H-Magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in obsessive compulsive disorder.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to examine N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) and glutamate, glutamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid complex (Glx)/Cr levels in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and healthy controls' orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and caudate nucleus (CN) by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) method and to investigate their relationship with oxidative stress markers glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). METHODS: This study included patients with OCD (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25) ranging in age from 18 to 65. We used the ELISA method to evaluate serum SOD and GPx levels. Levels of NAA/Cr and Glx/Cr in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus were measured using the 1H-MRS method. RESULTS: Our study did not detect statistically significant differences in the orbitofrontal cortex Glx/Cr and NAA/Cr levels between the OCD patients and the control group. OCD patients exhibited a decrease in NAA/Cr levels, consistent with impaired neuronal integration, and an increase in Glx/Cr levels, consistent with hyperactivation, in the caudate nucleus compared to the control group. We observed a negative correlation between NAA/Cr levels in the caudate nucleus and the levels of SOD and GPx. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to assess CN and OFC together in OCD patients using 3 T MR, investigating the relationship between neurometabolite concentrations and oxidative stress parameters. The negative correlation we observed between NAA/Cr levels and SOD and GPx in the caudate nucleus suggests that increased oxidative stress in this brain region in OCD patients may contribute to impaired neuronal integration and functionality.

Leptin, Nesfatin-1, Orexin-A, and Total Ghrelin Levels in Drug-Naive Panic Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the changes in serum nesfatin-1, leptin, orexin-A, and total ghrelin levels of patients diagnosed with drug-naive panic disorder (PD) before and after six weeks of the treatment and to compare the findings with the healthy subjects. METHODS: The neuropeptides were measured in venous blood samples taken from 32 patients and 32 healthy subjects. The blood samples of the patients who used paroxetine 20 mg/day plus alprazolam 0.5 mg/day were retaken again after six weeks. Measurements were performed with the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS: Serum nesfatin-1, leptin, orexin-A and total ghrelin levels of the patient group were found to be significantly lower than the control group (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). When the serum nesfatin-1, leptin, orexin-A and total ghrelin levels of the patient group were compared before and after treatment, significant differences were found in terms of orexin-A and total ghrelin levels (p=0.046, p<0.001, respectively). However, no significant differences were found in terms of nesfatin-1and leptin levels (p=0.205, p=0.988, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study reports that PD, like other anxiety disorders, may affect serum nesfatin-1, leptin, orexin-A, and total ghrelin levels, and there may be a relationship between PD treatment and the levels of these neuropeptides. The variability of this relationship among the neuropeptides examined indicates that various factors other than treatment play a role in this process.

Second and fourth (2D:4D) digit ratio in heroin and cannabis addicted patients.

The etiology of addiction has not yet been fully elucidated. The ratio between the length of the second and fourth fingers (2D:4D ratio) has been linked with prenatal androgen concentrations, but also with addictive behvaiors. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the differences of 2D:4D ratio of individuals with cannabis and heroin addiction by examining them together with the control group. A total of sixty two male patients (33 opiate use disorder and 29 cannabis use disorder) with substance use disorder and the twenty-nine healthy controls were included in the present investigation. We obtained the lengths of 2D and 4D of the subjects by using sensitive calipers and calculated the 2D:4D. Heroin-addicted patients had lower 2D:4D ratio in in the right hand (significant difference between control group) (p < 0.001), there was no significant difference found between heroin-cannabis (p = 0.242) and control-cannabis 2D:4D ratios (p < 0.06). In the left hand, it was significant between the heroin-control groups (p < 0.037) and the cannabis-control groups (p < 0.023), while it was not significant between the heroin-cannabis groups (p = 1). In conclusion, we suggest that heroin-and cannabis addicted patients seem to have a lower ratio of 2D:4D compared to healthy control subjects. Our findings can be considered promising as to whether prenatal hormonal factors are important in the etiopathogenesis of addiction.

Evaluation of Arterial Stiffness in Depression Patients.

Background: It has been known that there is a significant correlation between depression and cardiovascular diseases. However, the reasons behind this correlation that could affect mortality and morbidity were not fully identified. The present study aimed to analyze arterial stiffness diagnosed with ultrasonography, which could be associated with cardiovascular disease risks in depression patients, and to compare the findings with those of healthy controls. Methods: The study was conducted with 35 depression patients and 35 healthy individuals. Routine complete blood and biochemistry tests were requested for all patients, and their weight and height, waist circumference, and diastolic and systolic arterial blood pressure were measured. Femoral and carotid artery intima-media thickness and other arterial stiffness parameters were determined with Doppler ultrasonography. Results: It was determined that the systolic pressure (P = .028) was higher in the patient group (P = .028). Also, the carotid elastic modulus (P = .048) was significantly higher in the patient group. A negative and significant correlation was determined between femoral compliance and chlorpromazine equivalent dose (P = .021, r = -0.389). Conclusion: It was determined that the systolic blood pressure and carotid elastic modulus arterial stiffness parameters were significantly higher in depression patients. Measurable arterial stiffness parameters should be investigated in depression patients as cardiovascular risk markers. Furthermore, the determination of the effects of psychotropic drugs employed in arterial stiffness treatment could play an important role in the determination of cardiovascular disease risk in these patients.

Cortical Thickness of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder.

AIMS: In the present study, it was hypothesised that compared to healthy control subjects, significant differences in the cortical thickness of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) region of the brain, which is relevant to both impulsivity and decision making, would be identified. METHODS: The subject groups included in the study were composed of 15 individuals who met the criteria for alcohol use disorder, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM 5) diagnostic criteria based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM 5 (SCID), and were admitted to the Firat University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry or were hospitalised, and 17 healthy control comparisons were made. The volumes of and cortical thickness of the OFC were measured in the subjects. RESULTS: It was found that patients with alcohol use disorder had reduced volumes of the OFC bilaterally and a thinner cortical thickness of the same region bilaterally compared to those of the healthy control comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: Consequently, it is suggested that the OFC region of the brain appears to be statistically significantly smaller in patients with alcohol use disorder, both in terms of cortical thickness and volume, compared to healthy controls. Future research should focus on the status of these relationships longitudinally and should assess the causality of the association with the treatment response.

Examination of the Relationship between Peripheral Inflammation Markers and Impulsivity and Aggression in Schizophrenia Patients Involved and Not Involved in Crime.

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between peripheral inflammatory markers and aggression and impulsivity in schizophrenia patients with and without criminal histories. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted with patients with schizophrenia involved in crimes and hospitalized in the Forensic Psychiatry ward of Elazig Fethi Sekin City Hospital and patients with schizophrenia not involved in crimes and hospitalized in the psychiatry ward of Elazig Mental Health and Diseases Hospital. All participants completed the Buss-Waren Aggression Scale (BWAS), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). Before treatment, venous blood samples were taken for laboratory measurements on the first day of hospitalization. RESULTS: All participants were male. The mean age of those involved in a crime was 39 ± 9.7 years, while the mean age of those not involved in a crime was 41.2 ± 10.7 years. The PANSS all subscale and total scores of the patients with schizophrenia who were involved in a crime were significantly higher than the group who were not involved (p values were p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.043, p = 0.001, respectively). The BWAS-physical aggression (p = 0.007) and total scores of the scale (p = 0.046) and BIS-11-inability to plan (p = 0.002) scores of the group involved in a crime were higher than the group not involved. As for laboratory parameters, MCH, MCHC, PDW, eosinophils, basophils, RDW-CV, and RDW-SD values were significantly higher in those involved in crime, while MPV, creatinine, albumin, and LDH values were lower. CRP and CRP/albumin values were significantly higher, while neutrophil/albumin values were significantly lower in those who committed murder in the first degree than those who committed other crimes. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, we found that inflammatory agents were significantly increased in forensic schizophrenia patients with high aggression scores. Significant correlations between some inflammatory factors and impulsivity and aggression scores and differences in these factors according to crime types showed that these factors might be related to violence and criminal behavior. There is a need for further large-scale studies on this subject at different stages of the disease.

Pituitary Volumes Are Reduced in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder.

AIMS: To determine whether there is a difference in pituitary gland volumes in patients with alcohol use disorder compared to healthy people. METHODS: The subjects included in the study consisted of 15 individuals who met the criteria for alcohol use disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM 5) diagnostic criteria based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM 5 and were admitted to Firat University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, or were hospitalized, and 17 healthy controls. The volumes of pituitary were measured in subjects. RESULTS: Absolute pituitary gland volumes of patients with alcohol use disorder and healthy controls were compared in the analysis performed using the independent samples t-test. The mean volume of the patient group was significantly smaller than the healthy controls (58.02 ± 7.24 mm3 in patients with alcohol use disorder vs. 83.08 ± 12.11 mm3, P < 0.01), a difference which persisted after controlling for age, gender and total brain size. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with alcohol use disorder in this study had smaller pituitary gland volumes compared to those of healthy control subjects. However, this study has limitations including small sample size and not adjusting for previous or current medication use or current anxiety and depression.

Metacognitive Therapy in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A review.

Metacognitive therapy is a relatively novel and growing psychotherapeutic approach. Within the last 20 years, several metacognitive-oriented therapy methods have been developed. They are metacognitive therapy which was developed by Wells, metacognitive training which was produced by Moritz et al. especially for patients with psychotic disorder, and metacognitive reflection and insight therapy for psychotic patients. Among them, the most structured one seems the metacognitive therapy. The main notion of metacognitive therapy is to alter the dysfunctional metacognitive interpretations and strategies underlying psychopathology. However, it should be emphasized that it has some fundamental differences from cognitive behavioral therapy because metacognitive therapy is a relatively new school of cognitive therapy, its effectiveness in the treatment of many psychiatric disorders continues to be evaluated intensively. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of these disorders. As obsessive-compulsive disorder is a lifelong disorder that causes significant loss of workforce and pharmacotherapy is sometimes insufficient, psychotherapeutic approaches are of great importance. In this context, exposure and response prevention still seems to be an important treatment option in terms of psychotherapeutic approaches. However, it is clear that a new approach is required in psychiatry practice in cases where exposure and response prevention and classical cognitive behavioral therapy are not sufficient and remain with residual symptoms. In this respect, metacognitive therapy can be an important alternative to fill this gap. However, more evidence needs to be created with studies with much larger samples.

Personality Characteristics, Anxiety Sensitivity, Anxiety, and Depression Levels on Patients Diagnosed with Psychogenic Pruritus.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the personality traits, anxiety sensitivity (AS), anxiety, and depression levels in patients diagnosed with psychogenic pruritus (PP). Certain personality traits may come to the fore in psychosomatic disorders; these traits are thought to make the person vulnerable to psychosomatic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the personality traits, anxiety sensitivity (AS), anxiety, and depression levels in patients diagnosed with psychogenic pruritus (PP). Methods: Thirty-seven patients diagnosed with PP (patient group) and 21 healthy controls were included in the study. Sociodemographic Data Form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) were administered to all participants. Results: Patients' EPQ scores for the extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, and lie subdimensions and EPQ-total scores were significantly higher than those of the control group (P = .001; P < .001; P < .001; P = .008; P < .001, respectively). The total score of ASI-3 scale and the scores of all subdimensions (physical, cognitive, and social) were significantly higher in patients than in controls (P < .001). The BAI (26.8 ± 9.3) and BDI (24.2 ± 8.6) total scores of the patients were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < .001). Conclusions: According to EPQ, patients diagnosed with PP are extroverted, but also cold, distrustful, and aloof; show impulsive behavior; are anxious, depressed, and nervous; overly emotional; and prone to lying. Patients suffer more from anxiety, depressive symptoms, and AS in physical, cognitive, and social subdimensions than healthy people. Our findings highlight the importance of psychiatric assessment in PP patients. In this context, we believe that PP deserves to be studied in a broad spectrum with its cognitive, behavioral, and social aspects.

Comparison of Non-suicidal Self-Injury and Suicide Attempts in Relation to Anger Rumination.

Background: Angry rumination (AR) defined as thinking about the causes and consequences of anger by focusing on the feelings and experiences of anger can trigger suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury. The purpose of this study was to compare subjects with non-suicidal self-injury and subjects with suicide attempts in relation to anger rumination and also to determine if there is a relationship between anger rumination with non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts, and if so, to determine the direction of this relationship. Methods: In this study, 42 subjects with suicide attempts and 42 subjects with non-suicidal self-injury were included. Sociodemographic Data Form, Beck Depression Inventory, and Anger Rumination Scale were applied to all participants, Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire to those with suicide attempts, and Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury to those with non-suicidal self-injury. Results: Those with non-suicidal self-injury group had significantly higher thoughts of revenge (P = .038), angry afterthoughts (P = .047), and a higher total score of Anger Rumination Scale (P = .025) than those with suicide attempts group. The Beck Depression Inventory scores of suicide attempts group were significantly higher than those of non-suicidal self-injury group (P = .001). A positive and significant correlation was found between Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire and Anger Rumination Scale-total score (r = 0.322, P = .037) and Beck Depression Inventory score (r = 0.440, P = .004). Conclusions: Individuals with non-suicidal self-injury have more anger rumination, angry afterthoughts, and revenge-related thoughts following anger experiences than individuals with suicide attempts. As the severity of suicidal behavior of individuals with suicide attempts increases, so does their anger rumination. Our study may shed light on a better understanding of non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts and even contribute to intervention programs for these behaviors.

Thyroid functions in patients with hypochondriasis.

OBJECTIVE: No studies of thyroid-related hormone levels have been conducted in patients with hypochondriasis to date. The aim of this study is to examine thyroid-related hormones in patients with hypochondriasis. METHODS: Sixty patients with hypochondriasis and 138 healthy controls were included in this study. Patients with hypochondriasis who applied to the psychiatry outpatient clinic and met the study criteria and healthy controls were determined by chart analysis. RESULTS: According to the results of the comparisons, TSH, fT3, and fT4 levels did not show a statistically significant difference between hypochondriasis patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Thyroid hormone levels are not associated with hypochondriasis.

Stigmas and childhood traumas associated with psychological help-seeking in suicide attempted individuals.

PURPOSE: The aim was to investigate the possible associations of suicide attempt with childhood trauma, social support, psychological support seeking, stigmatizations. The study was case-control study and included 100 participants (50 suicide, 50 controls). CONCLUSION: BDI, BAI scores were higher in the patient (p < 0.001). While scores of all-subscales of Childhood-Trauma-Questionnaire were higher (p < 0.05) in the patients, scores of Perceived-Social-Support were lower (p < 0.001). Repeating suicide attempts has higher Stigma-Scale-for-Receiving-Psychological-Help scores than the patients who attempted to the first time (p = 0.045). PRACTICE IMPLICATION: Suicide is relationship with more childhood traumas, less social support. Repeating suicide attempts, individuals felt public stigma for receiving psychological help.

Increased ghrelin and decreased leptin levels in patients with antisocial personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to compare acyl ghrelin (AG), des-acyl ghrelin (DAG), and leptin levels considered to be used as biological markers in the etiopathogenesis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with healthy controls, and to investigate the relationship between these hormones and aggression and impulsivity. METHOD: The study included 45 patients with ASPD and 61 healthy people in the control group. Sociodemographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and Buss-Durkee Aggression Scale (BDAS) were applied to all participants. Fasting venous blood samples were taken from all participants at the same time of the day and the height and weight of the participants were measured. RESULTS: It was found that the mean serum AG and DAG levels were significantly higher than that of healthy controls whereas leptin hormone levels were significantly lower in patients compared to healthy controls. BDI, BAI, BIS-11, and BDAS scores of the patients were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. There was a positive correlation between AG and DAG hormone levels and impulsivity and aggression. DISCUSSION: The present study is the first in the literature to examine AG, DAG, and leptin hormone levels of patients diagnosed with ASPD. According to the results of the study, it is believed that changes in serum leptin and ghrelin levels will bring a new perspective in terms of understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of ASPD. Further studies are required to explain the definitive roles of these hormones in ASPD.

Motor and somatosensory symptoms determine cognitive error levels in functional neurological symptom disorder/conversion disorder.

INTRODUCTION: The level of cognitive error in functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD, conversion disorder) subtypes [psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (PNES), motor (M), PNES plus motor (PM), motor plus somatosensory (MS)] have not yet been investigated. AIM: We aimed to qualify the level of cognitive error in FNSD subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The disorder symptoms were assessed via the somatoform dissociation questionnaire (SDQ), the symptom check list-90-revised (SCL-90-R), and the global assessment scale (GAS). The cognitive distortions scale (CDS) was used to evaluate cognitive errors. RESULTS: Mean ages of groups were 28.37±6.99 years (PNES, n=24), 27.90±6.22 years (M, n=21), 30.36±7.86 years (PM, n=19), 31.38±9.02 years (MS, n=21), and 30.87±7.17 years (control, n=48) (p=0.377). In terms of the global severity index of SCL-90-R, there were significant differences between PNES and PM (p=0.003); PNES and MS (p0.999); PM and MS (p=0.172). There was no significant difference between the CDS-PA scores of the patient groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that in FNSD, the somatosensory symptoms were more associated with cognitive errors related to interpersonal relationships than the motor symptoms and the motor symptoms were more than PNES.

Investigating the Association of Criminal Behavior With Childhood Traumas, Impulsivity, and Dominant Temperaments in Bipolar I Disorder.

Objective: To examine impulsivity, dominant temperaments, and childhood trauma in patients with bipolar I disorder who committed crimes by comparing them with bipolar I patients with no criminal history and with healthy controls.Methods: A total of 144 subjects in 3 groups (62 criminal history bipolar patients, 40 non-criminal bipolar patients, and 42 controls) participated in this cross-sectional study. All participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and the TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, San Diego Autoquestionnaire). Subjects were enrolled in the study between April 1, 2019, and March 1, 2020.Results: The mean age was higher (P = .029) and education level lower (P = .045) among the criminal history bipolar patients than the other 2 groups. Of quantitative variables, physical abuse and emotional abuse subscales and total CTQ score were significantly higher in both patient groups compared to healthy controls (P < .001 for all scores). For dominant temperament, hyperthymic temperament scores of the criminal history bipolar group were higher than that of the control group (P < .001).Conclusions: Patients with bipolar I disorder were found to have experienced more childhood traumas, and the criminal history bipolar group and those who were admitted to prison had suffered more physical abuse. Hyperthymic temperament was dominant in bipolar I patients involved in crime. Taking into account the temperaments of bipolar I disorder in treatment plans and providing psychosocial support to these patients could help prevent violent behaviors and the possibility of crime.

Retinal Changes in Panic Disorder Patients.

AIM: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel method that allows high resolution cross-sectional imaging of biological tissues. It was suggested that changes in the cranial structure or functions would be reflected in the retina. OCT has been an important method in the diagnosis and follow-up of diseases via morphometric or quantitative retinal measurements. Panic disorder (PD) is an anxiety disorder, where free radicals, inflammatory processes and neurotransmitter transmission disorders play a role in the etiology. The present study aimed to demonstrate neurodegeneration in PD by the comparison of PD patient and control OCT data. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study group included 21 PD patients who met the study criteria. The control group included 21 healthy individuals without any known psychiatric or organic disease, including eye disease, and gender-matched to the patient group. All participants underwent detailed psychiatric and eye examinations. Central macular thickness (CMT), macular volume (MV), mean and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL), ganglion cell layer thickness (GCLT), and central choroidal thickness (CCT) were measured in both eyes of all participants with OCT. A sociodemographic data form, Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGIS), and Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) were administered to the participants. RESULTS: In the study, it was determined that the CMT values of the PD patients were lower when compared to the controls in the OCT examination. There was a statistically significant difference between the CMT of the PD patient group and the control group; the CMT was lower in the patient group. There were no significant differences between the groups based on GCLT, RNFL superior, RNFL inferior, RNFL nasal, RNFL temporal, and CCT. There was no significant correlation between CGIS, PDSS scores and OCT measurements. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in the literature where patients with a PD diagnosis were analyzed based on the OCT method. OCT, which is a simple, noninvasive and relatively inexpensive method that the patient could easily adapt to during imaging, could be employed as a supplementary method in the diagnosis and follow-up of PD patients.

Health Anxiety, Health Perception, and Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Among Psychiatric Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: To compare the health anxiety and healthy lifestyle behavior experienced by psychiatric patients due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with that of a control group.Methods: The study included 120 outpatients (aged 18-65 years) diagnosed with a psychiatric illness (DSM-5 criteria) who presented to a psychiatry outpatient clinic between June and August 2020. The control group included 120 healthy individuals with a similar age and sex distribution as the patient group. Data were collected with a questionnaire developed by the authors to determine the participants' adherence to COVID-19 hygiene rules and associated behavioral norms. The Health Anxiety Scale-Short Form, Health Perception Scale, and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile were completed by all participants.Results: The mean Health Anxiety Scale score was significantly lower in the patient group compared to the control group (P < .01). Health anxiety was high in 8% of the patients and 32% of the controls. Also, the mean Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile score was statistically significantly lower in the patient group compared to the control group (P < .01). There was no significant difference between the groups based on health perception scores and adherence to hygiene rules.Conclusions: As expected, the healthy lifestyle behavior of individuals without psychiatric illness was higher compared to those with mental disorders. However, health anxiety about COVID-19 was higher among healthy individuals compared to those with a psychiatric disorder. Thus, it could be suggested that individuals without a psychiatric illness prior to the pandemic could need psychiatric assistance after the pandemic.

Peripheral Inflammatory Parameters in Patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to examine the peripheral inflammatory parameters in patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) including white blood cell levels, red cell distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), basophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (BLR) by comparing with those of healthy controls. Methods: 48 patients diagnosed with APD and a matched healthy control group of 52 individuals were included in our study. Venous blood samples were taken from the participants in the fasting state and at approximately the same time of the day. Socio-demographic data sheet, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) were applied to all of the participants. Results: RDW and basophil cell levels were found significantly higher in the patients than the controls (p=0.005, p=0.038 respectively). BLR was found significantly higher in the participants with alcohol use than those without alcohol use (p=0.016). No significant difference in other laboratory parameters was found between the patient group and the control group. Scores of BDI, BAI, BIS-11, motor impulsivity subscale and physical aggression, anger, hostility and verbal aggression subscales of BDHI, and the total score of BDHI were significantly higher in patients than controls (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.003, p=0.001, p<0.001 respectively). A positive correlation was determined between the scale scores and the RDW, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte levels among the laboratory parameters, and a negative correlation was determined between the MPV levels and the depression and impulsivity levels. Conclusion: The results of our study suggested that inflammation might play a role in the etiopathogenesis of APD. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between the severity of symptoms and some inflammatory parameter levels such as RDW and basophil in APD patients.